Inconsistent effects of agricultural practices on soil fungal communities across 12 <scp>European</scp> long?term experiments

Cropping practices have a great potential to improve soil quality through changes in biota. Yet the effects of these soil-improving cropping systems on fungal communities are not well known. Here, we analysed using standardized measurements 12 long-term experiments and 20 agricultural treatments across Europe. We were interested whether same (i.e., tillage, fertilization, organic amendments cover crops) applied different sites predictable repeatable guilds. The very variable located types climatic regions. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) guild with most unique species individual sites, whereas plant pathogenic shared between sites. responded differently only fertilization showed consistent effect AMF fungi, responses crops site, crop-species specific. further show that crop yield is negatively affected by aimed at improving health. Yet, change linked yield. link community guilds abiotic characteristics reveal especially Mn, K, Mg pH affect composition In summary, vary considerably there no clear directional or systems, but based conditions, type conditions. Highlights Soil Fungal Only reduced site structure varied significantly climate conditions; therefore, more cross-site studies needed order manage beneficial systems.